PAKISTAN AND SRILANKA

Relations between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka are generally warm, with both countries being close neighbors in the South Asia region. In the past, Pakistan assisted the Government of Sri Lanka in supplying High-Tech military equipment to the Sri Lankan army in the civil war against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.[1] The relationship also fosters on strong mutual Sino-Pakistan and Sino-Sri Lankan relationship, as China maintains strong mutual interest in the economic and military development of Sri Lanka and Pakistan, Both Pakistan and Sri Lanka are also members of SAARC. There is a Pakistani embassy located in Colombo[2] and a Sri Lankan embassy situated in Islamabad.Pakistan is the second largest trading partner of Sri Lanka in South Asia.[4] Sri Lanka was the first country to sign a Free Trade Agreement with Pakistan, which became operational from June 12, 2005. 4,000 items can be imported to Pakistan from Sri Lanka.[5] Bilateral trade between the 2 countries was US$400 million in early 2010, and is expected to increase to US$2 billion by 2012.[6] In November 2010, President Asif Ali Zardari mulled a 250 million dollar export credit line that Pakistan would extend to Sri Lanka. Trade between the two countries reached $500 million by the end of 2010[7] Recently, the Sri Lankan Airlines has expressed an interest in expanding its operations in multiple cities in Pakistan and has also invited the Pakistan International Airlines to operate more flights to Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan Airlines chief marketing officer GT Jeyaseelan remarked that "Sri Lanka and Pakistan are two close, friendly neighbours," and that he looked forward to enhancing cooperation between the two airlines.[8] Defense cooperation Sri Lanka started buying arms and ammunition from Pakistan in a big way from 1999. The total purchases until December 2007 were worth $50 million while there has been a sudden jump in the quantity of merchandise ordered in 2009 and the amount has been tripled.[9] With India reluctant to sign a Defense Cooperation Agreement with Sri Lanka and unwilling to supply it with the kind of weapons it is looking for, Colombo has turned increasingly to Pakistan. There are segments of opinion in Sri Lanka that are in fact in favor of the government finalizing a defense cooperation agreement with Islamabad.[10] In May 2000, President Musharraf of Pakistan supplied millions of dollars of much-needed weapons to the Sri Lankan government, when separatist Tamil Tiger rebels were about to recapture their former capital of Jaffna.[11] In August 2006, suspected LTTE rebels attempted to assassinate Pakistan's ambassador to Sri Lanka, Bashir Wali Mohamed, with a claymore mine in Colombo. Mohamed was not hurt but seven others died.[12] In May 2008, Lt. Gen Sarath Fonseka of the Sri Lanka Army held talks with his Pakistan Army counterparts regarding the sale of military equipment, weapons and ammunition. The supplies of 22 Al-Khalid MBTs to the Sri Lanka Army was finalized during these talks in a deal worth over US$100 million.[13] In April 2009, Sri Lanka requested $25 million worth of 81 mm, 120 mm and 130 mm mortar ammunition to be delivered within a month.[14] During a state visit by President Asif Ali Zardari to Sri Lanka in Nov 2010, Sri Lanka evinced interest in purchase of Pakistani al-Khalid Main Battle Tanks, light weapons and ammunition, and the Sino-Pak joint venture product JF-17 Thunder aircraft.[15] Pakistan has also offered to train Sri Lankan spies for intelligence gathering purposes[16] Apart from traditional military assistance to Sri Lanka, Pakistan has also offered to train Sri Lankan police and intelligence service officers[6] Sri Lanka has also shown interest in signing a nuclear deal with Pakistan, snubbing a similar offer from India. The snub is thought to come in the wake of India's vote against Sri Lanka on the Tamil issue at the UN human rights counci

PAK CHINA FRIENDSHIP HISTORY

Pakistan-China relations: A history China is a modern developing country with good economic and political condition. It is the biggest ancient society with flair towards modern culture and values. China has very good relations with its neighbors like Pakistan and Russia. It is also working at its best to solve its problem with India. Pakistan was one of the first countries of the world to recognize China, and since then they have very good relations with each other. Any kind of change in both of these countries has good or bad impact on each other, and the region of South Asia. China, not only developed its own infrastructure, but also provides economic aid and military equipment to Pakistan, which is very important for Pakistan to develop its infrastructure and due to its border and relations with India. India – China relationship during sixties provides a good opportunity for Pakistan to get all type of assistance from China. Any change in Chinese policy and economic conditions has great impact on Pakistan’s economy, as China is the major financer of Pakistan’s military and development projects like Ballistic Missiles, JF-17 Thunder aircrafts, Gwader Port etc. Any decrease in China’s economic growth level can reduce the economic and military aid towards Pakistan. Pakistan needs China’s help in developing the cooperation in economic projects like trade, energy and infrastructure development like Gwader port etc. China also played a very important role for developing the infrastructure in the most difficult mountains of boarder area of Pak – China called “Silk Road” and Silk route projects. This network of roads provided a huge opportunity for trade and business between both the countries and due to which both developed their infrastructure to create the trade zones. Pakistan has now 500 foreign companies out of which more than 60 are Chinese. The Chinese companies are working for infrastructure development sectors like telecommunications, energy, mining, and IT. Chinese companies are also working on high-level projects like Dams, Solar energy projects and petroleum. Pakistani government also welcomed Chinese entrepreneurs who wish to work for the infrastructure development projects in Pakistan. In the year 2008, Pakistan had the high level of activity in infrastructure sector. Construction, Housing, Power, and Energy development projects were design with the total estimated cost of US$ 30 bn. Top priority projects include 969MW Nelum – Jhelum power plant, and Diamer Basha Dam with capacity of 4,500 MW. These projects are being built by the Chinese consortium consist of Gezhouba group and China machinery export corporation. Pakistan and China recently signed an agreement, during the visit of President Zardari, for hydel power development projects with the estimated cost of US$ 448 mn. Transport sector in year 2008 have been benefitted with over US$900mn total cost projects. This is because the National Highway Authority of Pakistan plans to invest US$ 5.3bn in transport sector. In order to enhance trade between Pakistan and China and with a plan to include other countries in future, a project costing US$6.5bn has been started which will connect the North to the ports in the South of the country. China is also playing very important role in these projects with investment and technical assistance. China is planning to use the transport sector from the South to the North of Pakistan linking directly into Chinese part of the territory. Pakistan – China relationship are boosting with joint development of infrastructure projects, which will save huge cost of transport to both the countries. Infrastructure development is taking as the backbone of the trade and economic development between both the countries. Pakistan badly needs the help & expertise of its great friend and neighbor China in the fields of power, energy and infrastructure development. Power, energy and water recourses open the way for infrastructure and construction industry in Pakistan. It is the time Pakistan can play a major role in cross border infrastructure, which will help Pakistan to solve its major political crisis. China needs to analyze the division of finances for these projects in Pakistan so that the estimated amounts are used properly and the projects should be completed within time. It is very important for both China and Pakistan that infrastructure projects are well guarded, analyzed and controlled to get timely development with high level of benefits.

Purposes and Principles of the United Nations

A. Article 1 (2) - Equal rights and self-determination of peoples Article 1 (2) establishes that one of the main purposes of the United Nations, and thus the Security Council, is to develop friendly international relations based on respect for the “principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples”. The case studies in this section cover instances where the Security Council has discussed situations with a bearing on the principle of self-determination and the right of peoples to decide their own government, which may relate to the questions of independence, autonomy, referenda, elections, and the legitimacy of governments. B. Article 2 (4) - Prohibition of threat or use of force in international relations Article 2 (4) of the Charter prohibits the threat or use of force and calls on all Members to respect the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of other States. The case studies in this section typically cover instances where Article 2 (4) was cited and discussed in the context of inter or intra State violence, war or other territorial conflicts C. Article 2 (5) - Obligation to give assistance to the United Nations and refrain from assisting the target States of preventive or enforcement action Article 2 (5) of the Charter states that Members shall assist the United Nations in any action taken in accordance with the Charter, and refrain from giving assistance to a State against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action. The Repertoire has generally focused on the first principle of the Article, and from 1989-2007 provided examples of calls for assistance made in Security Council decisions. From 2008 onwards, the Repertoire has focused on Council practice relating to the second principle of the Article and featured for instance calls for refraining from actions that could be considered as providing assistance to a State under Council action. D. Article 2 (6) - Need to ensure that non-United Nations Members act in accordance with its Principles Article 2 (6) of the Charter states that the Organization shall ensure that non-Members also act in accordance with its principles. The Repertoire studies on Article 2 (6) covers instances where the Security Council has addressed itself to non-Members of the United Nations. It has not been included since 2003 when near-universal membership in the United Nations limited its relevance. E. Article 2 (7) - Non-intervention in domestic affairs by the United Nations Article 2 (7) states that the United Nations has no authority to intervene in matters which are within the domestic jurisdiction of any State, while this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII of the Charter. The Repertoire covers those cases where this principle of non-intervention by the United Nations was raised and the authority of the Council to involve itself in a particular situation was questioned.

PRNCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL RALTIONS DEFINES

JEREMY BENTHAM DEFINES, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IS THE STUDY OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS,WHICH INVOLVES INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NATIONS,INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION AND MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS

DEFINE INTERNATIONAL LAW

DEFINATIONS OPPENHIEM DEFINES AS THE NAME FOR THE BODY OF CUSTOMARY AND CONVENTIONAL RULES WHICH ARE CONSIDERED LEGALLY BINDING BY CIVILIZED STATES IN THEIR INTERCOURSE WITH ONE ANOTHER. FENWINK DEFINES IT IS THE BODY OF RULES ACCEPTED BY THE GENERAL COMMUNITY OF NATIONS AS DEFINING THIER RIGHTS AND THE MEANS OF PROCEDUREBY WHICH THOSE RIGHTS MAY BE PROTECTED BY VIOLATIONS OF THEM ARE ADDRESSED. JJ BRIERLY DEFINES. THE BODY OF RULES AND THE PRINCIPLES OF ACTION WHICH BINDING UPON CIVILZED STATES IN THEIR REALTIONS WITH ANOTHER

INTERNATION LAW MEANING

HISTORCALLY ONLY STATES ERE SUBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW BUT LIST OF SUBJECTS NOW INCLUDES NON STATE ACTORS,SUCH AS INDIVDUALS,NON GOVERNMENT ORGANZATIONS ACCORDING TO D.J LATHOM ;ORDINARILY INTERNATIONAL LAW DEALS WITH THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE STATES IT IS TRUE THAT PRIMARY CONCERN OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IS WITH RIGHT DUTIES AND INTERESTS OF STATE BUT THIS DOES NOT MEANS THAT INTERNATIONAL LAW DOES NOT CONCERN ITS SELF WITH OTHER ENTITIES OR PERSON THERE THREE RULES 1 RULES OF REGULATING THE RELATIONS AMONGST STATES, 2.RULES REGARDING THE STRUCTURE,THE FUNCTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUE AND THEIR RALETIONS WITH OTHER ORGANZATIONS,STATES AND INDIVIDUAL. 3.RULES RELATING TO INDIVIDUALS AND NON STATE ENTITES

MASTERS IN INTERNATION RELATIONS SUBJECTS

1.PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2.INTERNATION LAW 3INTERNATIONAL ORGANZAIONS 4EUROPEAN DIPLOMACY 5PAKISTAN AND WORLD AFFAIRS